Does a clearance from Miami tower to land on runway 12, and hold short of runway 09, have to be accepted?

The correct answer reflects the principle that the Pilot-in-Command (PIC) has the ultimate authority and responsibility for the aircraft and its operations. While air traffic control provides instructions and clearances to ensure safety and efficient use of airspace, the PIC is not legally required to accept a clearance if they believe it compromises safety.

In this scenario, if the clearance from Miami tower includes instructions that the PIC deems unsafe, they have the discretion to decline the instruction. This situation could occur if, for example, the pilot perceives a significant operational risk or if the aircraft is not in a position to comply safely with the clearance due to situational factors such as traffic, weather, or the condition of the aircraft.

The other options imply a more rigid adherence to ATC commands, which does not account for the PIC's responsibility to operate safely. It is fundamental in aviation that while ATC instructions are important, the safety of the flight remains paramount and is ultimately the responsibility of the pilot. This illustrates the principle of authority and responsibility in flight operations.